grade 10 business studies creative thinking and problem solving essay

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Gr. 10 T3 W1 Business Studies Lesson Plan: Creative Thinking & Problem Solving

2020 Gr 10 Business Studies Lesson Plan: Creative Thinking & Problem Solving

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BUSINESS STUDIES – GRADE 10: TERM 3 WEEKS MAIN TOPIC BUS ROLES TOPIC: CREATIVE THINKING & PROBLEM SOLVING DATE COMPLETED ASSESSMENT

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The information contained in this resource is, to the best of the project team's and publisher's knowledge true and correct. Every effort has been made to ensure its accuracy, but the project team and publisher do not accept responsibility for any loss, injury or damage arising from such information. While every effort has been made to achieve strict accuracy in this resource, the publisher would welcome notification of any errors and any suggestions for improvement. Readers are invited to write to us at [email protected]. Business Works is a series of training and assessment resources developed for qualifications within the Business Services Training Package.

Business research is a systematic inquiry that provides information. More specifically, it is a process of planning, acquiring, analyzing, and disseminating relevant date, information, and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to act in ways that maximize business performance. Managers use this information to guide business decisions and reduce risk. Multiple types of projects can be labeled "business research". Decision scenarios and decision makers can be found in every type of organization, whether for profit, non-profit, or public. Decision makers rely on information to make more efficient and effective use of their budgets.

As businesses evolve, to keep ahead of competition, so do their expectations for their employee's performance. An employee is a key element of an organisation and the success or failure of the organisation depends on individual employee performance which affects positively or negatively the organisation performance at large. Every business has their own specific way of doing things, has developed norms and procedures over time and has different atmosphere and feeling and this is the organisation culture. Organisation culture adopts overtime to cope up with such dynamic changes and meet the varying demand of employee expectations and satisfaction which in turn influence the employee's performance. The study analyses the influence of organisation culture on employee's performance with a focus on Ethiopian Railways Corporation. It will offer recommendations on what can be done to achieve optimum performance while adopting the right culture. The study will employ a survey research design on the target population busing stratified sampling comprising members of staff from the corporation at different departments. The data will be collected using questionnaires and in-depth interview and analysed using descriptive statistics, to determine whether organisation culture really affects the employee's performance. Collected data will be analysed using SPSS software version 20.0 and data represented in graphs, charts and tables for better understanding and interpretation. Since employee's job performance is one of the important factors for a business to compete in this global market, the purpose of this study is to explain and empirically test the effect of the four elements of Organisation culture namely; Employee Participation, Innovation, Risk-taking, Rewards system, Customer Service Orientation and Openness of Communication to the employee's performance. Overly a positive relationship between organisation culture and employee performance will establish, however the effect diversely varied amongst the variables with work processes and systems in having more effect to employees' performance. The sophisticated and extensive nature of the paper will add value to organization studies discipline by providing an important qualitative perception towards organizational culture and employee performance and will initiate further discussions to create an effective framework between organizational culture and its impact on performance. Abstract

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Grade 10 BSTD notes for Term3

Afrikaans fal (afrfa11), university of the witwatersrand, johannesburg.

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BUSINESS STUDIES

CREATIVE THINKING AND PROBLEM

This chapter consists of 10 pages.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPICS PAGES

The meaning of creative thinking 3

Advantages/benefits of creative thinking in the workplace 3

Ways in which businesses can use creative thinking to generate

entrepreneurial qualities

Ways in which business can use creative thinking to solve business problems

The meaning of problem solving 4

The differences between decision making and problem solving 4

The problem-solving cycle/steps 5-

Problem solving techniques 6-

The use of indigenous knowledge to solve problems and identify

business opportunities

Ways in which creative business opportunities can realistically be implemented

CONTENT DETAILS FOR TEACHING, LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT

Learners must be able to: ● Explain the meaning of creative thinking. ● Describe/Explain/Discuss the advantages/benefits of creative thinking in the work place. ● Explain how businesses can use creative thinking to generate entrepreneurial qualities, e. designing environments that stimulate creative thinking. ● Discuss/Describe/Explain how business can use creative thinking to solve business problems. ● Elaborate on the meaning of problem- solving. ● Explain/Discuss the differences between problem solving and creative thinking ● Outline/Mention/Discuss/Explain the problem-solving cycle. ● Explain/Discuss/Describe how businesses can apply the problem-solving techniques to solve business problems. ● Recap the meaning of business opportunity ● Briefly explain the purpose of the eight business functions ● Describe/Explain/Explain how businesses can use mind-mapping, brainstorming to identify innovative and entrepreneurial business opportunities. ● Recommend/Suggest ways in which creative business opportunities can realistically be implemented.

1 The meaning of creative thinking ● Creative thinking is the ability to think original, varied and innovative ideas. ● It focuses on exploring ideas/generating possibilities/looking for many possible solutions. ● Thinking in a way that is unconventional and original ● It is the act of producing new ideas and making them real. ● Generating new ideas and being open to new ideas. ● Focuses on exploring ideas/generating possibilities and looking for many possible answers.

1 Advantages/Benefits of creative thinking in the workplace ● Creative thinking improves the quality of solutions to business problems ● Products and services can be marketed creatively ● Stimulates profitable new ideas for products/marketing campaign and public relations.

It does not form part of the problem solving since decisions need to be taken for each step of the business process.

Innovative solutions are generated, implemented, and evaluated.

2 Problem solving cycle/steps

● Businesses need to have a process that can be used to solve their problems. ● The problem-solving cycle/steps consists of the following aspects:

(a) Identify the problem o Businesses must first know and understand the problem. o The problem must be defined accurately. o Businesses should get the opinions and suggestions of everyone involved. o Collect as much information as possible and study the problem

(b) Define the problem o This step can only take place once a business knows and understands its problem. o Generate a definition that is concrete and specific o The nature of the problem must be precise. o They must define the possible causes of the problem. o Define the problem so that it becomes easier to find a solution

(c) Formulate a strategy o A strategy is a plan of action that requires further investigation before a decision is reached. o Businesses need to use problem solving techniques to find solutions. o Use the problem-solving techniques to formulate relevant the strategies o Consider different solutions for the problems by using creative thinking techniques o The solution must be realistic and executable

(d) Choose the best solution/strategy o Businesses must set criteria for the best solution/strategy, in terms of aspects such as time/cost/risk involved. o The best solution/strategy should match the size and the resources of the business. o If the solution is not appropriate, they should go back to defining the problem.

(e) Allocate the resources o Resources include money/staff members/time/equipment etc. o Plan carefully so that you do not interrupt the normal running of the business o Consider buying affordable and effective resources o Communicate with employees so that they understand the strategy and know who will do each job o This process requires good planning, communication and organisational sk

(f) Implement the strategy o Put the strategy into action and have necessary resources to implement the strategy. o Plan the steps required to implement the strategy. o Implement the strategy according to the plan o The method and time of implementation be considered

(g) Monitor the problem solving o Monitor whether the strategy is solving the problem as defined in step one. o If the strategy is not working, then return to step 3 and come up with an alternative strategy.

(h) Evaluate the problem-solving process o Businesses must use critical evaluation and analytical skills to evaluate the strategy. o Once the strategy has been implemented, evaluation process must be done to identify areas that were effective and areas where improvement can be made o Monitor if the strategy was successful or not in solving the problem o Evaluate the entire process that was used to reach the strategy o Get the views of all the people involved in the process

2 Problem-solving techniques ● Nominal group technique ● Brainstorming ● Force field analysis ● Delphi technique ● Chair technique ● Empty chair ● Mind mapping ● SCAMPER

2.4 Nominal group technique ● The nominal group technique is used to avoid the disadvantages of group discussions. ● There is always one or two dominant people who take over while the rest of the group members keeps quiet.

Application of the nominal Group technique ● The group is divided into a smaller group of 5 or 6 people around the table ● The problem is defined clearly. ● Each individual silently brainstorms as many ideas as possible and write them down ● One by one, each person in the group gives one of their solution and someone writes them all down on a big sheet of paper.

● The business should describe the current situation and the desired situation.

● write a plan/proposal for change in the middle., ● list all the forces driving (positive) and resisting (negative) change, ● list all forces in support of the change in one column., ● assign a score for each, from 1 (weak) to 5 (strong), ● determine if change is viable. if not, check which resisting forces can be.

influenced/mitigated/avoided to make the change possible.

● If so, find ways to increase the forces for change and diminish the forces

against change.

● Based on this outcome, come up with a strategy to help reduce the resisting

forces and ensure that the changes can be done.

2.4 Delphi technique

● The Delphi technique is uses to when trying to solve a big problem of which there seem to be no previous examples. ● Businesses use this technique to obtain group input from experts on a specific issue ● The experts are intentionally kept apart so that their responses are not influenced by other experts taking part in the process.

Application of Delphi technique ● A panel of experts is invited to participate in the process. ● Experts do not have to be in one place and will be contacted individually. ● A questionnaire is designed and distributed to the panel ● The panelist responds to the questionnaire individually and return it to the organisation. ● The feedback report and a second set of questions/questionnaire related to the feedback are sent to the panelists. ● The panelists read the feedback report and decide if they wish to change their initial ideas/suggestions/solutions. ● They then complete the second questionnaire ● A final summary and feedback report are prepared. ● Consensus is reached and the best solution is chosen. 2.4 Chair technique ● It is a method of weighing up the pros and cons of an idea/decision.

Application of a chair technique ● People consider a problem or idea. ● They take turns to sit in one chair and list all the pros/positive points about the idea/decision ● They then move to another chair and list all the cons /negative points about the idea/decision ● Someone acts as a scribe and writes down each person’s pros and cons. ● The lists are discussed and the pros and cons weighed up against each other. ● The final decision is taken

2.4 Empty chair ● This technique can be used when a person must make decisions alone. ● The participant speaks to and empty chair where he/she imagines another person is sitting ● He/she may decide to take the position of the other imaginary person and respond

Application of empty Chair ● One person sits facing an empty chair and imagines that someone he/she respects is sitting in the chat chair. ● Explain the problem to them in detail, out loud. ● Describe all the angels of the problem ● Tell them what you think the possible solutions are and how you think each of the solutions will work out.

2.4 Mind-mapping ● Mind maps are diagrams that represent ideas or concepts. ● Their strength is that they work like our brain works. ● They are useful for generating new ideas, problem solving, making notes to organise thoughts and summarising when studying. ● Mind mapping is a simple technique for drawing information in diagrams instead of writing it in sentences. ● The diagrams always take the same basic format of a tree with a single starting point in the middle that branches out, and divides again and again.

Application of mind mapping ● Decide on the central problem or topic ● Find a word/picture that captures the problem/topic ● Break down the central theme into main ideas/points. ● Put these points o the main branches ● Break the ideas down further into sub-points ● Use colour and shapes to help sort ideas logically. ● Use few words where possible

2.4 SCAMPER

● Offers simple guidelines to help see things differently ● Scamper stand for Substitute, Combine, Adapt, magnify, put to other use, Eliminate and Rearrange ● Each letter stands for a way to change an existing product/service ● Generate new ideas and solve problems

Application of SCAMPER ● Substitute: Replace part of then problem with something new ● Combine-mix: Arrange parts of a problem in a creative way to cancel out the problem ● Adapt: Look at existing solutions and adapt them to solve the current problem. ● Modify-Exaggerate the problem and see if that can be adjusted to solve the whole problem ● Put to other use: Use part of the problem for something else ● Eliminate: Get rid of some parts of the problem ● Rearrange: Push the idea around and rearrange so that it can be seen differently.

• The use of indigenous knowledge to solve problems and

identify business opportunities ● Indigenous knowledge refers to the knowledge/practice and skills that were develop by indigenous people to improve their quality of life. ● It is important to use indigenous knowledge when identifying business opportunities if the success of the business will depend on a local sales. ● Businesses need understand their markets before they identify a business opportunity.

The importance of assessing needs and desires in identifying a

• Exam guidelines for business opportunities

Terms and definitions

• The meaning of a business opportunity
• Steps for identifying business opportunities

business opportunity

• The meaning of market research 4-
• Research instruments to assess needs and desires

Types of research instruments

Steps in developing a research instrument 5-.

• Protocol for conducting a research
• The differences between internal and external market research
• Types of data collection

The meaning of a SWOT analysis

• Examples of a SWOT analysis 7-

Using a SWOT analysis to to determine a viable business venture

• The importance of conducting a SWOT analysis 8-

Learners must be able to: ● Explain the meaning of a business opportunity and give practical examples. ● Explain the importance of assessing needs and desires in identifying a business opportunity. ● Design a research instrument to assess needs & desires e. questionnaires, interview structure/schedule. ● Explain/Describe protocol for conducting research. ● Conduct a market research and identify a business opportunity. ● Explain the difference between internal & external market research. ● Compile a SWOT analysis to determine a viable business venture. ● Identify a business opportunity based on the findings from compiling a SWOT analysis ● Apply a SWOT analysis from given scenarios/case studies

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Business opportunity The potential of a business idea to succeed based on the researched needs and desires of the potential market Research A systematic investigation to find facts or to collect information.

Potential market Customers who will want to buy a product/service and who have the cash or credit facilities to do so Risks Possibilities of loss or damage Research instrument A device/tool that can be used to gather information or to form a set of guidelines for observation Respondents People to whom the investigation is carried out/person who completes a questionnaire

Feasible Being possible and practical to achieve something easily/conveniently

Viable Capable of working successfully

Strengths Particular skills and circumstances that exist in the business and its staff that contribute to its success.

Weaknesses Circumstances that work against the business and its success

Opportunities Circumstances that make something possible to the advantage of the business

Threats Things that can cause the business to fail

Target market A specific group of customers at which a company aims its products and services. SWOT analysis A technique/tool that is used to evaluate a situation from different angles in order to make strategic decisions.

2.2 Questionnaires ● Questionnaires are designed to collect information from people about their attitudes/preference/level of knowledge/personalities/beliefs etc. ● A questionnaire consists of a series of questions that are developed to gain information from respondents. ● Respondents give answers in writing ● Responses may be immediate/direct or need to be emailed.

2.2 Interviews ● Business situations provide opportunities for interviews with employers, customers, analysts etc ● The interviewer leads the interview by asking questions and the interviewee responds to the questions ● Responses are collected from an individual or a group and may be recorded ● Questions should be carefully prepared and selected to avoid any biasness. ● Questions should be carefully prepared to avoid anything that might be sensitive and offensive ● Helps businesses to collect the same type of information from many people. ● Businesses do not require processing assistants as they are able to analyse responses/data.

● Entrepreneurs have to be clear about what they want to know about potential customers’ thoughts/ behaviours /habits/need/desires/financial status etc. ● Give clear, concise instructions on how to answer each section. ● Questions must be short, simple and easy to read. ● Ask simple /unambiguous/clear questions that will lead to an excellent data collection. ● Avoid leading people with the question as a true reflection of what people want or feel may not be obtained. ● Participants/Respondents must not be confused nor offended. ● A questionnaire can also include multiple choice questions that offer a number of options or questions where things must be ranked according to a scale e. strongly disagree/disagree/agree/strongly agree. ● The interview schedule can consist of both closed and open questions. ● Test the questionnaire or interview schedule on yourself or friends to see if works and if the required information will be obtained.

3 Protocol for conducting research ● The researcher must obtain consent (permission) from the participants before interview takes place. ● The research must first be approved if it is taking place within an organisation. ● If a face to face interview is to be conducted prior arrangements must be made for the participant’s convenience ● The person conducting the research should not influence the opinions of the participants. ● The researcher must start by introducing himself/herself. ● Interviewee/Respondent need to be told that their names will not be mentioned if that is what they want. ● Interviewee/Respondent must be informed about the purpose and intentions of the interview.

● Interviewee/Respondent should be informed about the duration of the interview. ● Information collected from the participants should be kept confidential. ● Interviewee/Respondent should be free to refuse to answer a particular question. ● The responses should not be used for any purpose other than the market research being conducted. ● Research findings must be reported accurately and not used to mislead any person. ● Ensure that the research is within the ethical standards of the industry by obtaining clearance from relevant persons or bodies.

4 The differences between internal and external market research

INTERNAL MARKET RESEARCH EXTERNAL MARKET RESEARCH

● It is the research conducted from within the business.

● It the research that is conducted from outside the business.

● Employees together with general employers indicate taste, type of products/services of the business.

● Businesses use data from market research that has been conducted in the past by other organisations/ statistics published by the government. ● Different resources are used for gathering business information for helping management to make informed decisions.

● Useful information about the target market, environment and about customers’ needs and desires can be obtained.

5 Types of data collection

DATA EXPLANATION

● Primary data ● Primary data is first-hand information that is collected by the researcher through interviews and questionnaires. Examples of primary data:

● The potential market for a new product or service ● Client satisfaction levels with products or services that are currently offered ● Possible geographical position of a potential new business ● Secondary data ● Secondary data second-hand information that is obtained through academic books, journals, references etc. Examples of secondary data:

● The demography of a community ● The average level of income in a community

6 The meaning of a SWOT analysis ● It is used to help businesses make decisions by setting out information clearly in order to only focus on important information. ● Entrepreneur use a SWOT analysis to decide if their business idea is indeed a viable

● SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. ● Strengths and weaknesses usually relate to internal factors/inside the business.

Another example of a SWOT analysis

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

List all the strengths of your idea/product/business e.:

● Capabilities ● Good employees ● Sufficient resources ● Quality products/services

List all the areas where the business idea/product falls short e.

● Special registration ● Bad reputation ● Lack of finances/resources ● Lack of leadership ● Lack of capabilities

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

List all opportunities that could assist the business idea/improve the product e.

● Partnership with other businesses ● Fashion and trends ● Tenders ● Product development

List everything that threatens the success of the business idea/product e.

● Economical factors ● Political factors ● Environmental factors ● Technological factors ● Legal factors ● Physical factors ● Competitors

● Conduct a SWOT analysis listing your idea’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. ● Analyse the impact of the strengths you have listed e. how much of a positive influence will they have on the success of the business. ● Analyse the impact of the weaknesses you have listed in the same manner. ● Analyse the impact of the opportunities you have listed in the same manner. ● Analyse the impact of threats you have listed in the same manner ● Compare the positives and negatives rankings. ● Add all the positive scores (strengths and opportunities). Then add all the negatives scores (weaknesses and threats). ● Compare the results. Which is higher? ● If you have ranked the negatives scores higher than the positive ones, you need to reconsider your business idea.

● It is a useful planning tool and helps people to make decisions by setting out information clearly. ● Businesses use this tool when making important decisions ● Entrepreneurs use when making decisions about the viability of a business opportunity ● It is useful to assess business opportunities because it assesses businesses strengths and weaknesses

● Helps business owners to identify ways in which their business can grow and identify potential threats ● Businesses can use this tool during any stage of development ● Helps a business to determine its position to fulfil the needs and wants of their prospective customers ● It is useful if there are changes in the market environment or when considering starting a new business venture.

PRESENTATION OF BUSINESS INFORMATION

Exam guidelines for presentation of business information 2

Terms and definitions 2

Importance of business reports 3

Differences between verbal and non-verbal presentation 3

Guidelines on how to prepare for support material for a presentation 3-

Types of visual aids 4-

Advantages of using visual aids 6

Purpose of visual aids 6

Factors to consider when designing/preparing a presentation 6

This chapter consists of 6 pages

Learners must be able to:

1 The importance of business reports ● Business reports enable management to keep track of every activity done in each department. ● It enables senior management with information on how each department is doing. ● It provides information that leads to decision making.

2 Guidelines on writing an effective business report ● Determine the scope of the report ● Determine the target audience of the report ● Determine how the report should be presented ● Collect the necessary information ● Prepare an overview of what the audience to know and details that should be included in the report. ● Write concisely/briefly and only include important information ● Use regular/basic language/simple grammar and clear short sentences ● Use accurate/meaningful visual aids such as tables, graphs, drawings etc. ● Spend time revising the report and correct spelling mistakes and grammatical errors ● Get someone to look at the report and to make suggestions for improvement.

3 Differences between verbal and non-verbal presentation

VERBAL PRESENTATION NON-VERBAL PRESENTATION

-The presenter speaks in front of the audience

-The audience receive the message without the presenter saying it orally

-The audience sit and listen to the presenter

Facial expression is an example of non- verbal presentation, visual aids, hand signals

4 Factors that must be considered when preparing for a verbal

presentation ● Write down the purpose of the presentation and list the objectives ● Consider the audience e. who are they /what do they already know/what you want them to know ● Prepare the structure of your presentation e. introduction/body/conclusion. ● Be fully conversant with the content of your presentation. ● Create visual aids that will assist in getting the points across effectively and memorably. ● Practice the presentation and time your presentation. ● Practice in front in front of someone who will provide honest opinion on the purpose and objectives of the presentation. ● Information to be presented should be relevant and accurate ● Have pre-knowledge of your audience to determine the appropriate visual aids ● Visit the venue and ensure that visual aids the use of your equipment/availability of a generator in case of load shedding or electricity. ● Prepare your support material to enhance your presentation ● Prepare for the feedback session by anticipating possible questions/comments

5 Guidelines on how to prepare for support materials for a

presentation ● Most visual aids require similar qualities to make them effective. They should: o use large/clear lettering that is easy to read from an appropriate distance o never have too much writing on them o provide visual representations of statistics in the form of graphs/charts o contain summaries of what the presenter wants to convey and not the whole text o be colourful and grab attention o be meaningful and appropriate

6 Types of visual aids ● Data projector ● Handouts ● Interactive Whiteboard/ Smart board ● Video conferencing equipment ● Flyers / Brochures ● Posters/Signs/ Banners/ Flags ● Overhead projector ● Charts/ Flip Charts/ White boards ● Graphs. ● Diagrams

7 Explanation of visual aids

Visual aid Explanations

Data projector -It is usually used for large groups

-Projects images from a computer to a screen

-Shows summaries/ graphs/relationships/diagrams /process steps etc.

-Can be used to create a mood through showing images and videos

-Slides summarises information to increase understanding

Handouts -Use for small or large groups

-Used to give summary of the presentation and provides follow-up activities

-Contains summary of the most important points

-They are given to the audience when they leave after the presentation

-Provide details that cannot be included in the presentation such as financial statement

• They provide structure and focus for the presentation
• Multiple Choice

Course : Afrikaans FAL (AFRFA11)

University : university of the witwatersrand, johannesburg, this is a preview.

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