report academic research

Academic Report

Report generator.

As a way of evaluating a student’s logical capacity, comprehension level and writing skill, some professors require their students to write a document presenting their ideas, thoughts, analyses, etc. about a certain topic. Other than writing an essay , the students can also use a report in order effectively present their objective deductions and findings.

A formal report is another way of presenting facts and analysis you have gathered from your readings about a certain topic. In requires thorough research, readings, rationalizing, analyzing and making a point. It goes beyond that of an essay, it is more than just arguing a position and drawing conclusions, although a report can also do that, it must comprehensively present pertinent facts and information in order for the reader to see the subject in new light.

As you may know, report writing is a very useful skill not only academically but also in your future career. Not only does it hones your writing skills it also improves your analytical and critical thinking skills since it urges you to come up with objective findings based on facts. Therefore, it will surely help you be good at whatever job you wish to pursue in the future; no employer says no to a critically and analytically adept individual. You may also see marketing report examples.

What is Academic Report?

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Academic Report Format

Title of the report Author’s name Date of submission Institution name Course title (if applicable) Instructor’s name (if applicable)

Table of Contents (optional)

List of headings and subheadings with corresponding page numbers.

Executive Summary (Abstract)

Brief overview of the report’s key points. Summary of the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. Typically, 1 paragraph to 1 page in length. 1. Introduction Background information : Provide context and introduce the subject matter. Purpose : State the purpose and objective of the report. Scope : Define what is covered and what is excluded from the report. Thesis or hypothesis : Present the main argument or hypothesis. 2. Literature Review (if applicable) Summary and analysis of existing research relevant to the report’s topic. Highlight gaps, debates, or key findings in the literature. 3. Methodology Data collection methods : Explain how the data or information was gathered (e.g., surveys, experiments, case studies). Procedures : Provide detailed steps on how the research was conducted. Tools and materials : List any tools or materials used for data collection. 4. Results Findings : Present the data or information gathered from the research. Tables and graphs : Use visual aids to represent data effectively. Analysis : Interpret the data and highlight key patterns or observations. 5. Discussion Interpretation of results : Discuss what the results mean in the context of the research question. Comparison to literature : Relate your findings to previous research discussed in the literature review. Limitations : Mention any limitations of the study or research design. 6. Conclusion Summary of findings : Recap the key points and results of the research. Implications : State the significance of the findings for the field. Recommendations : Provide suggestions for future research or practical applications. 7. References Use a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) to list all sources used in the report. 

Academic Report Example

Title: The Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Erosion   Abstract: This report examines the influence of climate change on coastal erosion, focusing on how rising sea levels and increased storm intensity are accelerating erosion rates. Using data from satellite imaging and field studies, we analyze the geographical and environmental factors contributing to this phenomenon. The findings highlight the importance of integrated coastal management strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on vulnerable coastal areas.   Introduction: Coastal erosion is a natural process where waves, currents, tides, and wind-driven water remove sediments from the shoreline. However, in recent decades, the rate of erosion has increased significantly, attributed to the effects of climate change. This report explores the relationship between rising global temperatures, sea level rise, and the intensification of coastal storms, all of which contribute to the acceleration of coastal erosion. The aim is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the factors driving this phenomenon and propose strategies for mitigating its impact on communities and ecosystems.   Methods: Data for this report were collected through satellite imaging, historical shoreline change analysis, and on-site surveys of affected regions. The data were processed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map erosion patterns and calculate the rates of shoreline retreat. Climate data, including sea-level rise and storm frequency, were obtained from national meteorological agencies and integrated into the analysis to correlate with the observed erosion rates.   Results: The results indicate a direct correlation between rising sea levels and the increase in coastal erosion. Regions with low-lying coastlines, such as Bangladesh and certain parts of the United States, have experienced the highest rates of erosion. Additionally, the frequency of severe storms has increased, further exacerbating the problem by causing significant damage to coastal defenses. In particular, storm surges have led to the removal of large quantities of sediment from beaches, resulting in substantial land loss.   Discussion: The findings suggest that climate change is a key driver of accelerated coastal erosion. The interaction between sea-level rise and increased storm intensity creates a feedback loop, where each factor amplifies the effects of the other. Coastal areas with insufficient natural defenses, such as mangroves or sand dunes, are particularly vulnerable. The implications for coastal communities are severe, including loss of property, displacement, and reduced agricultural productivity due to soil salinization.   Conclusion: This report concludes that urgent action is needed to address the growing threat of coastal erosion exacerbated by climate change. Strategies such as beach nourishment, the construction of sea walls, and the restoration of natural barriers like mangroves should be prioritized. Additionally, policies must focus on reducing carbon emissions to limit further sea-level rise and storm intensification.

Short Academic Report Example

Title: The Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Erosion   Introduction: This report looks at how climate change is increasing coastal erosion, with rising sea levels and stronger storms as key factors. It focuses on the connection between global warming and erosion rates in vulnerable coastal areas.   Methods: Data were collected using satellite images and field studies. The erosion patterns were mapped using GIS technology, and climate data were analyzed to understand the relationship between sea-level rise and erosion.   Results: The data show a clear link between rising sea levels and increased erosion, especially in low-lying areas. More frequent severe storms are also contributing to greater land loss.   Discussion: Climate change is driving faster erosion, with significant consequences for coastal communities, including property loss and displacement. There is a need for improved coastal management strategies.   Conclusion: To mitigate coastal erosion, strategies like building sea walls and restoring natural barriers are essential, alongside efforts to reduce global carbon emissions.

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How to write academic report.

Writing an academic report requires a clear structure, logical flow, and adherence to formal conventions. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you write an effective academic report:

Understand the Purpose and Audience

Identify the main objective of the report: Is it to analyze, explain, compare, or investigate? Tailor your report to the audience’s level of knowledge and expectations (professors, peers, etc.).

Research and Gather Information

Conduct thorough research on the topic. Collect data from credible sources like academic journals, books, and articles. Take notes and organize your findings logically.

Structure the Report

A standard academic report includes the following sections: Title Page Includes the report’s title, your name, course information, and date. Abstract (if required) A brief summary (about 150–200 words) of the report’s purpose, methods, findings, and conclusions. Table of Contents Lists all sections and subheadings with corresponding page numbers. Introduction States the report’s purpose, the research question or hypothesis, and the scope of the study. Literature Review (if required) Summarizes previous research relevant to your topic. Identifies gaps in knowledge or areas where your report contributes. Methodology Describes how you conducted the research. Includes details on data collection, analysis methods, and any tools used. Results Presents the findings of your research or investigation. Use graphs, tables, or charts to support the data. Discussion Interprets the results, explaining their significance. Discusses how your findings relate to the research question and prior studies. Conclusion Summarizes the main findings and their implications. Provides recommendations or areas for further research. References Lists all sources cited in your report in the required citation style (APA, MLA, etc.). Appendices (if required) Includes additional material such as raw data, questionnaires, or detailed calculations.

Write Clearly and Concisely

Use formal academic language and avoid colloquialisms. Be objective and base arguments on evidence. Keep sentences clear and to the point.

Revise and Proofread

Check for clarity, coherence, and logical flow. Ensure grammar, punctuation, and formatting are correct. Confirm all references are accurately cited.

Importance of Academic Report

The importance of an academic report lies in its role as a formal method of communication within academic and professional environments. Here are key reasons why academic reports are important:

1. Demonstrates Understanding

• Academic reports show a student’s or researcher’s understanding of a specific topic, subject area, or research question.
• It allows you to demonstrate your ability to synthesize information, analyze data, and draw logical conclusions.

2. Promotes Critical Thinking

• Writing a report requires critical evaluation of information, weighing evidence, and forming reasoned arguments.
• It helps develop analytical and problem-solving skills as you address the research question or problem.

3. Develops Research Skills

• Academic reports involve conducting research, gathering data, and assessing the credibility of sources.
• This improves research abilities, including effective literature review, data analysis, and interpretation of results.

4. Enhances Communication Skills

• Writing a report hones your ability to communicate complex ideas clearly and concisely.
• This skill is essential in academic, professional, and technical fields where clear communication of findings is critical.

5. Records and Disseminates Knowledge

• Reports document research findings and contribute to the wider academic community by sharing new knowledge.
• They provide a reference point for future research, facilitating the accumulation of knowledge in a particular field.

6. Supports Decision-Making

• In professional and academic contexts, reports often guide decision-making by providing well-researched evidence.
• They can influence policies, strategies, and future research directions.

7. Evaluates Learning and Progress

• Academic reports are used to assess a student’s progress and comprehension of the material.
• They serve as a formal assessment tool in both educational and research settings, offering insight into a student’s analytical capabilities.

Uses of Academic Report

The uses of an academic report refer to the various purposes it serves within the academic and professional world. Academic reports are essential for:

• Sharing Knowledge : They help disseminate new information, discoveries, and research findings to a broader audience.
• Evaluating Understanding : Academic reports are used to assess a student or researcher’s grasp of a specific topic or concept.
• Supporting Evidence-based Arguments : They present well-researched data that can be used to back up claims or theories.
• Contributing to Field-Specific Advancements : Reports allow researchers to build upon existing knowledge and contribute to advancements in their field.
• Facilitating Informed Decision-Making : Reports provide factual, well-organized information that helps stakeholders in making informed decisions based on evidence.

What is the purpose of writing an academic report?

The main purpose of writing an academic report is to communicate the results of research or analysis clearly and systematically. It aims to inform readers about the research process, findings, and implications, contributing to the understanding of the subject matter.

How long should an academic report be?

The length of an academic report can vary depending on the subject and assignment requirements. It can range from a few pages for a short report to several dozen pages for a comprehensive research report or thesis.

Do I need to include an executive summary in my academic report?

An executive summary is typically included in reports for business or management fields. In most academic reports, a detailed abstract serves a similar purpose. However, always check your assignment guidelines to determine what is required.

Can I use personal opinions in an academic report?

Academic reports are typically objective and based on research or analysis. Personal opinions should generally be avoided unless the report specifically calls for reflective or subjective input.

How do I ensure that my academic report is objective and unbiased?

To maintain objectivity, rely on data and evidence rather than personal opinions. Use neutral language and avoid making assumptions. Cite all sources properly and present different perspectives where applicable.

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• Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an Academic Report: Tips, Structure and Examples

Key Takeaways

Understanding the purpose and audience, defining the purpose of an academic report, identifying the target audience, aligning content with purpose and audience expectations, structuring the academic report, executive summary, table of contents, introduction, recommendations, the writing process: step-by-step guidance, conducting research and gathering information, outlining the report, writing the first draft, revising and editing for clarity and accuracy, steps to revise your report, editing for professionalism, peer review, finalizing the report, checklist for finalizing, preparing for submission, final presentation, tips for clarity and professionalism, avoiding jargon and overly complex language, using clear and concise sentences, proofreading and peer review, formatting consistently, key elements of consistent formatting, tips for maintaining consistency, example of an academic report, methodology, common mistakes to avoid, lack of structure or organization, overloading the report with unnecessary details, ignoring the target audience, failing to cite sources properly, why proper citation matters, common citation mistakes to avoid, tips for citing sources effectively, the role of citations in research integrity, what is the primary purpose of an academic report, how does an academic report differ from an essay, why is structure important in an academic report, how can i make my report more professional, what should i include in the recommendations section, how do i ensure my report meets the needs of my audience, what are common mistakes to avoid when writing a report, how can i improve the clarity of my report, why is proper citation important in an academic report, what role do visuals play in an academic report, more related posts, sales pitch deck, 88 happy new month wishes to inspire and motivate 2025, how to write a book report: steps, tips, and examples, life lessons: 20 quotes on happiness and success.

Writing an academic report plays a vital role in your academic and professional journey. It helps you develop critical thinking and enhances your ability to communicate ideas effectively. This skill fosters learning and supports scientific thought processes, making it essential in fields like medicine and research. A structured approach to report writing ensures clarity and precision, enabling you to present facts in an organized manner. By mastering this process, you can convey information with confidence and professionalism, which is crucial for success in both academic and scientific communities.

• Understand the purpose and audience of your report to tailor your content effectively.
• Structure your report with clear sections, including a title page, executive summary, and recommendations, to enhance readability.
• Use simple and concise language to communicate your ideas clearly, avoiding jargon unless necessary.
• Cite all sources properly to maintain credibility and avoid plagiarism, following the required citation style.
• Revise and proofread your report thoroughly to ensure clarity, accuracy, and professionalism.
• Incorporate visuals like charts and tables to present data clearly and support your findings.
• Focus on actionable recommendations that directly stem from your analysis to provide value to your readers.

When writing an academic report, understanding its purpose and audience is essential. This step ensures that your report remains relevant, clear, and impactful. By focusing on these aspects, you can tailor your content to meet the expectations of your readers effectively.

The purpose of an academic report often revolves around presenting factual information, analyzing data, or offering recommendations. Unlike essays, which may argue a point, reports aim to inform or solve a problem. For instance, you might write a report to investigate a specific issue or propose actionable solutions. Always clarify the objective before you begin writing. This clarity will guide your research, structure, and tone.

“ Reports are generally commissioned to investigate a particular area of focus so as to inform potential action.”

By keeping this in mind, you can ensure that your report fulfills its intended purpose and provides value to its readers.

Your audience determines how you present your information. Academic reports often target specific groups , such as professors, researchers, or industry professionals. Each audience has unique needs and expectations. For example, academic peers may expect detailed analysis, while business stakeholders might prefer concise and actionable insights.

To identify your audience, ask yourself questions like:

• Who will read this report?
• What do they need to know?
• How familiar are they with the topic?

By answering these questions, you can shape your report to address their needs effectively. Putting yourself in the shoes of your audience helps you process information in a way that makes it more understandable.

Once you define the purpose and identify the audience, align your content accordingly. Use language, tone, and structure that resonate with your readers. For example, avoid technical jargon when writing for a general audience. Instead, focus on clarity and simplicity. On the other hand, if your audience consists of experts, provide in-depth analysis and use precise terminology.

“ Keep the audience in mind as you write your report, think about what they need to know.”

Additionally, ensure that your recommendations or conclusions directly address the audience’s concerns. Tailor your findings to their context, making your report not only informative but also actionable.

By understanding the purpose and audience, you can create an academic report that is both professional and impactful. This approach ensures that your work remains relevant and valuable to those who read it.

A well-structured academic report ensures clarity and professionalism . It helps readers navigate your content effortlessly and understand your findings. Each section serves a specific purpose , contributing to the overall effectiveness of your report. Below, you will learn how to structure key components of your report.

The title page is the first impression of your academic report. It provides essential details about your work and sets the tone for the rest of the document. A clear and professional title page includes:

• The title of your report.
• Your name and affiliation (e.g., university or organization).
• The date of submission.
• Any additional information required by your institution or audience.

“A well-designed title page reflects professionalism and ensures your report starts on the right note.”

Keep the layout simple and organized. Avoid unnecessary graphics or decorative elements. Focus on presenting the information in a clean and readable format.

The executive summary offers a concise overview of your entire report. It allows readers to grasp the main points without reading the full document. This section is especially useful for busy professionals or decision-makers. To write an effective executive summary:

• Summarize the purpose of your report.
• Highlight key findings or results.
• Include major conclusions and recommendations.

Write this section after completing the rest of your report. Use clear and precise language to ensure readers understand the core message quickly. Organize the summary in the same sequence as the report to maintain consistency.

“An executive summary should provide enough information for readers to decide whether they need to read the full report.”

The table of contents acts as a roadmap for your academic report. It lists all sections and subsections, along with their corresponding page numbers. This feature enhances navigation and helps readers locate specific information easily. To create an effective table of contents:

• Use clear and descriptive headings.
• Include all major sections and subsections.
• Ensure page numbers are accurate and updated.

Most word processing tools can generate a table of contents automatically. Use this feature to save time and maintain accuracy. A well-organized table of contents reflects the logical structure of your report.

“A detailed table of contents improves readability and ensures your report is user-friendly.”

By structuring these initial sections thoughtfully, you set a strong foundation for your academic report. These elements not only enhance readability but also demonstrate your attention to detail and commitment to quality.

The introduction serves as the opening section of your academic report. It sets the stage for the entire document by providing essential context and outlining the purpose of your work. A strong introduction grabs the reader’s attention and clearly communicates what they can expect from the report.

To craft an effective introduction:

• State the Purpose : Begin by explaining why the report was written. For example, you might address a specific problem, analyze data, or propose solutions.
• Provide Background Information : Offer relevant context to help readers understand the topic. This could include a brief overview of the issue or a summary of previous research.
• Outline the Structure : Give a roadmap of the report’s sections. Mention what each part will cover, helping readers navigate the document with ease.

“A clear and concise introduction ensures that readers understand the report’s purpose and scope from the very beginning.”

Avoid diving into too much detail in this section. Focus on presenting the key points that will guide the reader through the rest of the report.

The main body is the core of your academic report. It contains the detailed information, analysis, and findings that support your purpose. Organizing this section effectively is crucial for maintaining clarity and coherence.

To structure the main body:

• Divide into Sections : Break the content into logical sections and subsections. Use headings and subheadings to guide the reader through your ideas.
• Present Information Clearly : Use bullet points, numbered lists, or tables to make complex data easier to understand. Visual aids like charts or graphs can also enhance comprehension.
• Maintain Objectivity : Stick to factual information and avoid personal opinions. Support your points with credible evidence, such as data from academic journals or books.

For example, if your report analyzes a problem, you might include sections like “Problem Analysis,” “Methodology,” and “Findings.” Each section should build on the previous one, creating a logical flow of information.

“A well-organized main body ensures that readers can follow your arguments and understand your conclusions.”

Keep your language clear and concise. Avoid unnecessary jargon or overly complex sentences, as these can confuse readers and detract from your message.

The recommendations section provides actionable insights based on the findings of your report. This part is crucial for guiding your audience toward informed decisions or practical solutions. To write effective recommendations, follow these steps:

• Base Recommendations on Findings : Ensure that each recommendation directly stems from the data or analysis presented in the main body. Avoid introducing new information here.
• Be Specific and Actionable : Use clear and concise language to outline what actions should be taken. For example, instead of saying “Improve communication,” specify how to improve it, such as “Implement weekly team meetings to enhance communication.”
• Prioritize Recommendations : Arrange them in order of importance or feasibility. This helps your audience focus on the most critical actions first.

“Effective recommendations bridge the gap between analysis and action, making your report valuable and impactful.”

Use bullet points or numbered lists to present your recommendations clearly. This format enhances readability and ensures that your suggestions are easy to follow. By crafting thoughtful and practical recommendations, you add significant value to your academic report.

The references section demonstrates the credibility of your work by listing all the sources you used. Proper citation not only acknowledges the original authors but also strengthens the reliability of your report. To create a professional references section:

• Follow a Citation Style : Use a consistent format, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, as required by your institution or audience.
• Include All Sources : List every book, article, website, or other material you referenced in your report. Ensure accuracy in author names, publication dates, and titles.
• Organize Alphabetically : Arrange the entries alphabetically by the authors’ last names for easy navigation.

“Accurate and well-organized references reflect your attention to detail and respect for intellectual property.”

Most word processors and citation tools can help you format your references correctly. Double-check your entries to avoid errors, as even minor mistakes can undermine your report’s professionalism.

The appendices section contains supplementary materials that support your report but are too detailed to include in the main body. These materials provide additional context without disrupting the flow of your content. Common items to include in appendices are:

• Raw data or detailed calculations.
• Questionnaires or survey forms.
• Charts, graphs, or images that are too large for the main body.

Label each appendix clearly (e.g., Appendix A, Appendix B) and provide a brief description of its contents. For example:

• Appendix A : Survey Questionnaire
• Appendix B : Detailed Data Analysis

“Appendices enhance your report by offering extra details while keeping the main sections concise and focused.”

Ensure that you reference the appendices in the main body when necessary. This helps readers understand their relevance and encourages them to explore the additional information if needed. A well-organized appendices section adds depth and professionalism to your academic report.

Research forms the backbone of any academic report. To begin, identify reliable sources that align with your topic. Academic journals, books, and credible websites provide valuable information. Focus on gathering data that directly supports the purpose of your report. Avoid irrelevant details to maintain clarity.

Organize your findings systematically. Use tools like spreadsheets or note-taking apps to categorize information. For example, group data by themes or sections of your report. This approach ensures you can access relevant details quickly during the writing process.

“Thorough research lays the foundation for a well-informed and impactful academic report.”

Evaluate the credibility of your sources. Check for author qualifications, publication dates, and references. Reliable sources enhance the accuracy and professionalism of your work. By conducting thorough research, you ensure your report is factual and trustworthy.

An outline acts as a roadmap for your academic report. It helps you organize ideas logically and ensures a smooth flow of information. Start by listing the main sections, such as the introduction, main body, and conclusion. Under each section, include key points or subtopics.

For example:

• Introduction : Purpose of the report, background information.
• Main Body : Analysis, findings, supporting evidence.
• Conclusion : Summary of findings, actionable recommendations.

This structure keeps your report focused and prevents unnecessary digressions. A well-organized outline also improves readability and enhances comprehension for your audience.

“Consider the logical flow of information and how best to present it.”

Use bullet points or numbered lists in your outline. This format makes it easier to rearrange ideas if needed. By outlining your report, you save time during the drafting process and ensure your content remains cohesive.

The first draft transforms your outline into a complete academic report. Begin with the introduction. Clearly state the purpose of your report and provide necessary context. Avoid overloading this section with details; focus on setting the stage for your readers.

In the main body, expand on the points from your outline. Present information in a logical order. Use headings and subheadings to guide readers through your content. Support your arguments with evidence from your research. For instance, include data, quotes, or examples to strengthen your points.

“A well-organized report not only improves readability but also enhances comprehension and retention.”

Write the conclusion last. Summarize your findings and restate the purpose of your report. Include actionable recommendations based on your analysis. Avoid introducing new information in this section.

Don’t aim for perfection in your first draft. Focus on getting your ideas down. You can refine language, grammar, and structure during the revision process. Writing the first draft is about building the foundation of your academic report.

Revising and editing are essential steps in creating a polished academic report. These processes ensure your work is clear, accurate, and professional. By refining your draft, you enhance its readability and impact.

• Focus on Structure : Review the organization of your report. Ensure each section flows logically into the next. Rearrange content if necessary to improve coherence. A well-organized report enhances comprehension and retention.
• Check for Clarity : Simplify complex sentences. Replace jargon with clear language . Aim for concise and direct communication. Readers should understand your points without confusion.
• Verify Accuracy : Cross-check facts, data, and references. Ensure all information aligns with your research. Inaccurate details can undermine the credibility of your report.
• Eliminate Redundancies : Remove repetitive ideas or phrases. Each sentence should add value to your report. Avoid overloading your content with unnecessary details.
• Grammar and Spelling : Use tools like spell checkers to identify errors. Read your report aloud to catch awkward phrasing or grammatical mistakes.
• Consistency in Style : Maintain uniform formatting throughout your report. Use the same font, heading styles, and citation format.
• Tone and Voice : Ensure your tone remains formal and objective. Avoid casual language or personal opinions.

Ask a colleague or peer to review your report . Fresh eyes can spot errors or inconsistencies you might have missed. Feedback from others helps refine your work further.

By revising and editing thoroughly, you ensure your academic report is clear, accurate, and professional. This step demonstrates your commitment to quality and attention to detail.

Finalizing your report involves preparing it for submission or presentation. This step ensures your work meets all requirements and leaves a positive impression on your audience.

• Review Formatting : Double-check margins, spacing, and alignment. Ensure headings and subheadings are consistent. Proper formatting reflects professionalism.
• Verify References : Confirm that all sources are cited correctly. Use the required citation style, such as APA or MLA. Accurate references strengthen the credibility of your report.
• Proofread One Last Time : Read through your report carefully. Look for typos, grammatical errors, or formatting issues. A final proofread ensures your work is error-free.
• Ensure Logical Flow : Revisit the structure of your report. Confirm that each section connects seamlessly. Logical flow enhances readability and helps readers follow your arguments.
• Save your report in the required format (e.g., PDF or Word document).
• Label your file appropriately, including your name and report title.
• Attach any supplementary materials, such as appendices or raw data, if needed.

If presenting your report, prepare a summary or key points to share with your audience. Highlight the purpose, findings, and recommendations. A clear and concise presentation reinforces the value of your work.

By finalizing your report with care, you ensure it meets professional standards and effectively communicates your message. This step completes the writing process and sets the stage for a successful submission or presentation.

Using simple and clear language ensures your academic report is accessible to a wide audience. Avoid jargon or overly technical terms unless your readers are experts in the field. Even then, define complex terms when introducing them. This approach helps readers follow your ideas without confusion.

For example, instead of writing, “The data extrapolation process yielded inconclusive results due to methodological discrepancies,” you can simplify it to, “The data analysis did not provide clear results because of issues with the methods used.”

“ Clear communication is key to ensuring your message reaches your audience effectively.”

When you simplify your language, you make your report more engaging and easier to understand. This practice also demonstrates your ability to convey complex ideas in a straightforward manner, which is a valuable skill in academic and professional settings.

Short and direct sentences improve readability. Long, complicated sentences can confuse readers and dilute your message. Focus on one idea per sentence to maintain clarity. For instance, instead of saying, “The experiment, which was conducted over a period of six months and involved multiple variables, yielded results that were both unexpected and significant,” you can write, “The six-month experiment produced unexpected and significant results.”

Here are some tips to keep your sentences concise:

• Eliminate Redundancies : Avoid repeating the same idea in different words.
• Use Active Voice : Write sentences where the subject performs the action. For example, say, “The team analyzed the data,” instead of, “The data was analyzed by the team.”
• Choose Simple Words : Replace complex words with simpler alternatives. For example, use “help” instead of “facilitate.”

“ Concise sentences make your report easier to read and understand, keeping your audience engaged.”

By focusing on clarity and brevity , you ensure your report communicates its message effectively without overwhelming the reader.

Proofreading is an essential step in producing a polished academic report. Errors in grammar, spelling, or formatting can distract readers and undermine your credibility. Carefully review your work to catch mistakes and ensure consistency.

Follow these steps for effective proofreading:

• Take a Break : Step away from your report for a few hours or even a day. This helps you approach it with fresh eyes.
• Read Aloud : Hearing your words can help you identify awkward phrasing or errors you might miss when reading silently.
• Focus on One Aspect at a Time : Check grammar, spelling, and formatting separately to avoid overlooking details.

“Proofreading ensures your report is error-free and maintains a professional tone.”

Peer review adds another layer of quality control. Ask a colleague or classmate to review your report. They can provide valuable feedback on clarity, structure, and content. A fresh perspective often reveals issues you might have missed.

“Peer review not only improves your report but also helps you grow as a writer by learning from constructive feedback.”

By combining thorough proofreading with peer review, you enhance the professionalism and impact of your academic report. These steps demonstrate your commitment to producing high-quality work.

Consistent formatting enhances the readability and professionalism of your academic report. It ensures that your document appears organized and polished, making it easier for readers to follow your ideas. By maintaining uniformity in style, you demonstrate attention to detail and a commitment to quality.

• Font and Text Style Use a standard font like Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri. Stick to one font throughout the report to maintain a cohesive appearance. Set the font size to 12-point for the main text and slightly larger for headings. Avoid using decorative fonts, as they can distract readers and reduce readability. “Consistency in font and text style reflects professionalism and ensures your report is easy to read.”
• Main Heading : Bold, 14-point font.
• Subheading : Italicized, 12-point font.
• Margins and Spacing Set uniform margins on all sides of the page, typically 1 inch. Use double-spacing for the main text to improve readability. Single-spacing may be used for tables, footnotes, or references if required. Consistent spacing ensures your report looks neat and professional.
• Page Numbers and Headers/Footers Include page numbers on every page, preferably in the bottom-right corner. Add headers or footers with relevant information, such as the report title or your name. This feature helps readers keep track of the document and adds a professional touch. “Page numbers and headers make your report more user-friendly and organized.”
• Table Caption : Centered, italicized, and numbered.
• Figure Caption : Left-aligned, bold, and numbered.
• Use Templates : Many word processors offer templates designed for academic reports. These templates provide pre-set formatting, saving you time and ensuring uniformity.
• Check Guidelines : Follow any specific formatting requirements provided by your institution or audience. Adhering to these guidelines demonstrates professionalism.
• Review Regularly : As you write, periodically review your formatting to ensure consistency. Small errors can disrupt the flow and appearance of your report.

“Consistent formatting not only improves the visual appeal of your report but also enhances its credibility and impact.”

By paying attention to these details, you create a report that is both visually appealing and easy to navigate. This effort reflects your dedication to producing high-quality work.

Title : The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance Among College Students Author : Jane Doe Course : Research Methods in Education Date : December 4, 2024

This report investigates the effects of social media usage on college students’ academic performance. By analyzing survey responses from 200 students, the study identifies a correlation between the time spent on social media and academic outcomes. Results suggest that excessive social media usage negatively impacts study habits and grades, while moderate use for educational purposes may enhance learning.

Social media platforms have become integral to the daily lives of students, offering both opportunities and challenges in academic settings. This report explores how social media influences academic performance, focusing on time management, engagement, and resource utilization. The research aims to provide insights for educators and students to better manage social media’s role in education.

A mixed-methods approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of 200 college students, including questions on time spent on social media, purpose of usage, and GPA. Qualitative data were gathered through focus group discussions, providing deeper insights into students’ perceptions and experiences.

• 60% of students spend 3–5 hours daily on social media.
• Students who spend more than 5 hours daily report lower GPAs.
• 40% use social media primarily for academic purposes (e.g., group discussions, accessing study materials).
• The remaining 60% use it for entertainment and socializing.
• Students using social media for academic purposes reported higher engagement and better time management.
• Excessive entertainment usage correlated with procrastination and reduced study time.

The findings indicate that the impact of social media on academic performance depends on its purpose and intensity of use. While platforms like LinkedIn and YouTube serve as valuable educational tools, unregulated use of entertainment-focused apps like Instagram or TikTok often leads to distractions. Strategies such as scheduled usage and the promotion of academic groups on social media could mitigate negative effects.

This report concludes that while social media can be a double-edged sword in academic settings, its impact is predominantly shaped by how it is utilized. Encouraging intentional and educational use can transform social media into a beneficial resource for students.

• Smith, J., & Taylor, R. (2023). Digital Distractions: The Role of Social Media in Modern Education . Journal of Educational Research, 45(2), 112–129.
• Brown, L. (2022). Managing Time in the Digital Age: Strategies for Students . Education Today, 37(4), 98–110.

When writing an academic report, avoiding common pitfalls ensures your work remains clear, professional, and impactful. By recognizing these mistakes, you can refine your approach and deliver a report that meets high standards.

A disorganized report confuses readers and diminishes its effectiveness. Without a clear structure, your ideas may appear scattered, making it difficult for your audience to follow your arguments or findings. To avoid this, always create an outline before you start writing. This outline acts as a roadmap, helping you organize your thoughts logically.

Each section of your report should serve a specific purpose. For example:

• The introduction provides context and sets the stage.
• The main body presents your analysis and findings.
• The conclusion summarizes key points and offers recommendations.

“A well-structured report enhances readability and ensures your message is delivered effectively.”

Use headings and subheadings to guide readers through your content. Numbered lists, bullet points, and visual aids like charts or graphs can also improve clarity. By maintaining a logical flow, you make your report more engaging and easier to understand.

Including excessive information can overwhelm your readers and obscure your main points. While thorough research is essential, not all data needs to appear in your report. Focus on presenting information that directly supports your purpose and aligns with your audience’s needs.

For instance, if your report analyzes survey results, include only the most relevant findings. Supplementary details, such as raw data or lengthy calculations, can go in the appendices. This approach keeps your main content concise and focused.

“Effective reports balance depth with brevity, ensuring readers grasp the key message without feeling overwhelmed.”

To determine what to include, ask yourself:

• Does this information support my main argument?
• Will my audience find this detail useful or necessary?

By prioritizing relevance, you ensure your report remains impactful and avoids unnecessary complexity.

Failing to consider your audience can lead to a report that misses its mark. Your readers’ needs and expectations should shape your content, tone, and style. For example, a report for academic peers may require detailed analysis and technical language, while one for business stakeholders should focus on actionable insights and clear recommendations.

To address your audience effectively:

• Identify who will read your report. Are they experts, students, or professionals?
• Tailor your language and tone to their level of understanding. Avoid jargon unless your audience is familiar with it.
• Align your findings and recommendations with their interests or concerns.

“Understanding your audience ensures your report resonates and delivers value.”

By keeping your audience in mind, you create a report that is not only informative but also relevant and engaging.

Citing sources properly is a critical part of writing an academic report. When you fail to acknowledge the original authors of the information you use, it can lead to accusations of plagiarism and diminish the credibility of your work. Proper citation not only gives credit where it is due but also strengthens your arguments by showing that they are supported by reliable evidence.

Citations demonstrate the depth of your research and the validity of your findings. They allow readers to trace the origins of your data and verify its accuracy. For example, when you include data from a survey or study, citing the source ensures transparency and builds trust with your audience.

“A report can be a tool used in a research study or in a scientific field.” — Paperial Blog

By citing sources, you also contribute to the academic community by acknowledging the work of others. This practice fosters collaboration and encourages further exploration of the topic.

Many writers make errors when citing sources, which can undermine the quality of their reports. Here are some common mistakes and how to avoid them:

• Omitting Sources : Forgetting to include a source for a fact, statistic, or idea can lead to unintentional plagiarism. Always keep track of your references as you conduct research. Use tools like citation managers to organize your sources efficiently.
• Inconsistent Citation Styles : Switching between citation styles (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) creates confusion and appears unprofessional. Stick to the required format throughout your report. If unsure, consult your institution’s guidelines .
• Incorrect Formatting : Errors in author names, publication dates, or page numbers can mislead readers. Double-check your citations for accuracy before finalizing your report.
• Overusing Direct Quotes : While quoting can add value, excessive use of direct quotes may overshadow your own analysis. Paraphrase information when possible and cite the source to maintain originality.

To ensure proper citation, follow these best practices:

• Use Diverse Sources : Incorporate a variety of materials, such as academic journals, books, and credible websites. Including diverse sources enriches your report and provides a well-rounded perspective. For instance, graphs and schemes or previous studies can add depth to your analysis.
• Cite as You Write : Avoid waiting until the end to add citations. Include them as you write to prevent missing any references. This habit also helps you maintain consistency.
• Follow a Citation Guide : Refer to a trusted style guide, such as the APA Manual or MLA Handbook, for detailed instructions on formatting citations. These guides provide examples for different types of sources, ensuring accuracy.
• Review Your References Section : After completing your report, cross-check your references section against the citations in your text. Ensure every source mentioned in your report appears in the references list.

“Be creative and try to use a more diverse system of additional materials such as graphs and schemes.” — BestCustomWriting Blog

Proper citation reflects your commitment to research integrity . It shows that you respect intellectual property and value the contributions of other researchers. By citing sources correctly, you enhance the credibility of your report and establish yourself as a responsible academic writer.

“Research is the backbone of your report, providing the substance that supports your arguments and recommendations.” — DoMyEssay Blog

Writing an academic report requires a clear understanding of its purpose, audience, and structure. By following the outlined steps, you can create a report that is organized, concise, and impactful. Focus on presenting your ideas logically, using straightforward language to ensure clarity. Structure your content thoughtfully to guide readers through your findings and recommendations. Remember, a professional report reflects your attention to detail and commitment to quality. Apply these strategies confidently, and you will enhance your academic writing skills while delivering valuable insights to your audience.

READ MORE What is an Issue Statement in an Argumentative Essay? Definition and Purpose Explained How to Choose the Right Citation Style for Your Paper: A Quick Guide

The main purpose of an academic report is to present factual information in a clear and objective manner. Unlike essays, reports focus on analyzing data, solving problems, or offering actionable recommendations. This approach ensures that readers, such as decision-makers or researchers, can understand the findings and use them effectively.

“Reports are structured to communicate results and insights concisely, making them valuable tools for decision-making.”

An academic report differs from an essay in its structure and purpose. Reports use sections like the title page, executive summary, and recommendations to organize information. Essays, on the other hand, argue a point or explore a topic in a more narrative style. Reports aim to inform or provide solutions, while essays focus on presenting arguments.

Structure ensures that your report is easy to read and understand. A well-organized report guides readers through your ideas logically, improving comprehension and retention. Sections like the introduction, main body, and conclusion help readers navigate the content effortlessly.

“A clear structure enhances readability and ensures your audience grasps the key points effectively.”

To make your report professional, focus on clarity, consistency, and accuracy. Use simple language, avoid jargon, and ensure proper formatting. Include elements like graphs or tables to support your findings. Proofread your work thoroughly to eliminate errors and maintain a polished tone.

The recommendations section should provide actionable steps based on your findings. Each recommendation must directly relate to the data or analysis in your report. Use clear and concise language to outline specific actions. For example, instead of saying “Improve communication,” suggest “Implement weekly team meetings to enhance communication.”

“Effective recommendations bridge the gap between analysis and action, making your report impactful.”

To meet your audience’s needs, identify who will read your report and what they expect. Tailor your language, tone, and content accordingly. For example, use technical terms for experts but simplify complex ideas for general readers. Align your findings and recommendations with their interests or concerns.

Avoid these common mistakes:

• Lack of structure or organization.
• Including unnecessary details that overwhelm readers.
• Ignoring the target audience’s needs.
• Failing to cite sources properly.

By addressing these issues, you ensure your report remains clear, concise, and professional.

To improve clarity, use short sentences and simple words. Avoid overly complex language or long paragraphs. Organize your content with headings, bullet points, and visuals like charts or tables. These elements make your report easier to read and understand.

“Clear communication ensures your message reaches your audience effectively.”

Proper citation acknowledges the original authors of the information you use. It strengthens your report’s credibility and demonstrates research integrity. Accurate citations also allow readers to verify your sources and explore the topic further.

Visuals like graphs, tables, and charts enhance the clarity of your report. They present data in a concrete and easily digestible format. Use visuals to support your findings and make complex information more accessible to your audience.

“Well-designed visuals improve understanding and add depth to your report.”

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Academic Report

• Subject Guides

Academic writing: a practical guide

• Academic writing
• The writing process
• Academic writing style
• Structure & cohesion
• Criticality in academic writing
• Working with evidence
• Referencing
• Assessment & feedback
• Dissertations
• Reflective writing
• Examination writing
• Academic posters
• Feedback on Structure and Organisation
• Feedback on Argument, Analysis, and Critical Thinking
• Feedback on Writing Style and Clarity
• Feedback on Referencing and Research
• Feedback on Presentation and Proofreading

Objective, evidence-based writing commonly used in the sciences and some social science subjects.

Introduction to reports

Reports are found within many subjects, particularly sciences and some social sciences. They present factual-based information for a specified audience, with each academic discipline area having its own report types (many of which are based on real-world reports). 

This guide explores what an academic report is as a concept and offers practical advice about the completion of academic reports:

Reports: a Conceptual and Practical Guide [interactive slides]  |  Reports: a Conceptual and Practical Guide [Google Doc]

Features of reports

• Reports present and (usually) critically analyse data and other factual evidence.
• There are different types of reports , which each have a specific purpose.
• There is often a specific structure that must be followed - see our general structure advice and guidance for each report type.
• The writing style is concise and objective - for more detail, see our academic writing style advice.

The report writing process

Writing a good report isn't just about the final product - much of the thinking and hard work is done before you start writing.

Before your first report, work through the introductory guide to reports above to get an idea of what's expected of you:  Reports: a Conceptual and Practical Guide [interactive tutorial]

Read the assessment instructions carefully. Which type of report is it? Is there an expected structure? Do you need to analyse data? What's the word count? When's the deadline?

Look at the  assignment writing process  and think about how you'll plan your approach to your report.

Make a schedule: how much time do you need to research, think, plan, draft, write and edit your report? Add in some extra time for a buffer.

Follow the steps in the writing process to prepare and write your report. Try to stick to your schedule.

Check and proofread your report carefully - check your citations and references too! 

Submit your report. Maybe celebrate with some cake?

Read your feedback  carefully. How can you use it to improve your next report? 

For more detail, see our dedicated advice pages:

Note taking for synthesising information

In many types of academic writing, you need to compare and synthesise information from numerous sources. This process much is quicker and easier using an effective note-taking technique.

Grid notes  is a useful note taking technique to synthesise information. You collect information under specific headings in a grid or table, which helps you to:

• pull all your notes together in one place.
• focus on finding just the information you need in sources.
• identify patterns in source information.
• plan structure and write.

Find out more:

Grid notes [YouTube]  | Grid notes [Google Doc]

More advice about other note-taking methods:

Using evidence in reports

Sources of evidence.

Reports are based on factual evidence and data, found in sources such as:

• your own research findings (quantitative or qualitative)
• findings from research papers (quantitative or qualitative)
• published governmental or organisational datasets
• reports from companies or organisations
• business case studies

Tips on finding appropriate sources of evidence for your reports:

Reading academic journals

Writing a report usually requires reading lots of journal papers. This can seem like a massive task, but you usually don't need to read every word of a paper to get the information you need!

Find tips and strategies to read papers effectively:

Using evidence critically

It's not enough to describe or summarise the evidence - to access higher grades you'll also need to critically analyse it. What does the evidence mean in relation to your overall point or argument?

There are many ways that you could use evidence critically, such as:

• evaluate or justify methodological choices
• consider how your findings fit into previous research
• compare findings, models or frameworks
• evaluate different solutions or applications and select the most effective one
• make evidence-based recommendations

For more advice, see our dedicated criticality resources:

Research reports

Research or experimental reports present and discuss the outcomes of your research: what did you do , what did you find out , and what does it mean?

They're very common in science subjects and sometimes used in Education, Management or other subjects.

Research reports usually follow a set structure:

• introduction

Writing a research report

This tutorial introduces what's expected in each section, with advice and examples:

Writing a research report [interactive tutorial]  |  Writing a research report [Google Doc]

Many dissertations also follow this structure, so these tips also apply to research reports:

Example research reports

Example research reports may be available on your module VLE sites or from your tutors.

Research-based journal papers are also usually based on the same principles, so reading papers from your field is also a good way to see what's expected. Note that the referencing style used by the journal might be different to your department's referencing style!

This ecology paper is a well-structured example of a research paper:

Other support for report writing

Online resources.

The general writing pages of this site offer guidance that can be applied to all types of writing, including reports. Also check your department guidance and VLE sites for tailored resources.

Other useful resources for report writing:

Appointments and workshops 

As well as advice within your department, you can access central writing and skills support:

Have questions about planning or interpreting quantitative data analysis? You can book a statistics appointment with the Maths Skills Centre or explore the workshops and online resources:

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• Last Updated: Dec 2, 2024 9:12 AM
• URL: https://subjectguides.york.ac.uk/academic-writing

Uncomplicated Reviews of Educational Research Methods

• Writing a Research Report

.pdf version of this page

This review covers the basic elements of a research report. This is a general guide for what you will see in journal articles or dissertations. This format assumes a mixed methods study, but you can leave out either quantitative or qualitative sections if you only used a single methodology.

This review is divided into sections for easy reference. There are five MAJOR parts of a Research Report:

1.    Introduction 2.    Review of Literature 3.    Methods 4.    Results 5.    Discussion

As a general guide, the Introduction, Review of Literature, and Methods should be about 1/3 of your paper, Discussion 1/3, then Results 1/3.

Section 1 : Cover Sheet (APA format cover sheet) optional, if required.

Section 2: Abstract (a basic summary of the report, including sample, treatment, design, results, and implications) (≤ 150 words) optional, if required.

Section 3 : Introduction (1-3 paragraphs) •    Basic introduction •    Supportive statistics (can be from periodicals) •    Statement of Purpose •    Statement of Significance

Section 4 : Research question(s) or hypotheses •    An overall research question (optional) •    A quantitative-based (hypotheses) •    A qualitative-based (research questions) Note: You will generally have more than one, especially if using hypotheses.

Section 5: Review of Literature ▪    Should be organized by subheadings ▪    Should adequately support your study using supporting, related, and/or refuting evidence ▪    Is a synthesis, not a collection of individual summaries

Section 6: Methods ▪    Procedure: Describe data gathering or participant recruitment, including IRB approval ▪    Sample: Describe the sample or dataset, including basic demographics ▪    Setting: Describe the setting, if applicable (generally only in qualitative designs) ▪    Treatment: If applicable, describe, in detail, how you implemented the treatment ▪    Instrument: Describe, in detail, how you implemented the instrument; Describe the reliability and validity associated with the instrument ▪    Data Analysis: Describe type of procedure (t-test, interviews, etc.) and software (if used)

Section 7: Results ▪    Restate Research Question 1 (Quantitative) ▪    Describe results ▪    Restate Research Question 2 (Qualitative) ▪    Describe results

Section 8: Discussion ▪    Restate Overall Research Question ▪    Describe how the results, when taken together, answer the overall question ▪    ***Describe how the results confirm or contrast the literature you reviewed

Section 9: Recommendations (if applicable, generally related to practice)

Section 10: Limitations ▪    Discuss, in several sentences, the limitations of this study. ▪    Research Design (overall, then info about the limitations of each separately) ▪    Sample ▪    Instrument/s ▪    Other limitations

Section 11: Conclusion (A brief closing summary)

Section 12: References (APA format)

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About research rundowns.

Research Rundowns was made possible by support from the Dewar College of Education at Valdosta State University .

• Experimental Design
• What is Educational Research?
• Writing Research Questions
• Mixed Methods Research Designs
• Qualitative Coding & Analysis
• Qualitative Research Design
• Correlation
• Effect Size
• Instrument, Validity, Reliability
• Mean & Standard Deviation
• Significance Testing (t-tests)
• Steps 1-4: Finding Research
• Steps 5-6: Analyzing & Organizing
• Steps 7-9: Citing & Writing

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Writing an academic report

Although you may not realize it, writing an academic report is different than writing an academic essay. in an essay, you can provide your thoughts and opinions about a topic or statement. in an academic report, you should provide a description or analysis of a set of actions you took to research a specific question or phenomenon..

Academic reports are used to present and discuss the results of an experiment, survey, or other research method. These reports often require a specific layout and the inclusion of a certain set of sections. Below, we describe the most often-used sections in an academic report in the order in which they generally appear. Before we begin, note that when writing an academic report, you must always follow the guidelines for formal academic writing, including citing trustworthy sources and using correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

The sections that are usually included in an academic report are as follows:

Introduction

Literature review/background.

In the introduction to your academic report, you present the research topic or question and explain why you chose to study that topic. You may also present a general overview of the work you did and your findings, expanding on these points further in the main body of the text. At the end of the introduction, you may want to present a brief summary of the way in which the rest of the report is organized.

In this section, you will briefly summarize work on this topic that other researchers have conducted, including their findings. You can also provide any background information on the topic that your readers should have before you present your own work. Remember that your reader is interested in your work, not the work of others. It isn’t necessary to go into excessive detail regarding other studies, especially if they aren’t relevant to your work. Focus on summarizing work that relates in some way to the work you have performed.

The methods section is where you describe the steps you took in your research. For example, you can describe the methodology you used to build your study, the sampling method you used to obtain survey participants, and the steps you took in a scientific experiment. Make sure to describe all your steps in detail using the past tense (since you’re describing something that already happened, not something that will happen).

In this section, you will describe the results of your study. For example, you will provide information such as survey participants’ answers, medical test results, data from scientific experiments, and any statistical analysis results. You may find it helpful to use figures and tables to present these results in an easy-to-read format. However, note that if you present data in a table or figure, it is not necessary to also provide all the same data in the text. If you use tables or figures, only discuss particularly important findings in the text.

In this section, you will discuss the implications of your findings, explaining them and relating them to the previous research presented in your literature review. You will interpret your findings and describe how these findings answer (or don’t answer) your research questions. You should also describe any limitations of your work, such as sample size or missing data, and discuss how you could resolve those issues in future work.

If all this sounds like too much work, or you simply lack the time, you can find a reliable writing service for students and pay for college papers . This way, you get a high-quality academic report without going through any trouble. Such services can help you deal with all kinds of writing assignments you get as a part of your studies.

The conclusion is where you summarize your main work and findings as well as the implications of your work. You should not introduce any new material in this section. You should also provide recommendations based on your findings and discuss any future research needed.

Of course, you should check with your academic institution or professor to see if they want you to include any other sections or information. In addition, make sure you follow the style guide required by your institution (e.g., APA or Chicago).

Writing an academic report doesn’t have to be stressful and intimidating. Using the information above, you can finish your report and avoid undue stress.

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Research reports

This resource will help you identify the common elements and basic format of a research report.

Research reports generally follow a similar structure and have common elements, each with a particular purpose. Learn more about each of these elements below.

Common elements of reports

Your title should be brief, topic-specific, and informative, clearly indicating the purpose and scope of your study. Include key words in your title so that search engines can easily access your work. For example:  Measurement of water around Station Pier.

An abstract is a concise summary that helps readers to quickly assess the content and direction of your paper. It should be brief, written in a single paragraph and cover: the scope and purpose of your report; an overview of methodology; a summary of the main findings or results; principal conclusions or significance of the findings; and recommendations made.

The information in the abstract must be presented in the same order as it is in your report. The abstract is usually written last when you have developed your arguments and synthesised the results.

The introduction creates the context for your research. It should provide sufficient background to allow the reader to understand and evaluate your study without needing to refer to previous publications. After reading the introduction your reader should understand exactly what your research is about, what you plan to do, why you are undertaking this research and which methods you have used. Introductions generally include:

• The rationale for the present study. Why are you interested in this topic? Why is this topic worth investigating?
• Key terms and definitions.
• An outline of the research questions and hypotheses; the assumptions or propositions that your research will test.

Not all research reports have a separate literature review section. In shorter research reports, the review is usually part of the Introduction.

A literature review is a critical survey of recent relevant research in a particular field. The review should be a selection of carefully organised, focused and relevant literature that develops a narrative ‘story’ about your topic. Your review should answer key questions about the literature:

• What is the current state of knowledge on the topic?
• What differences in approaches / methodologies are there?
• Where are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
• What further research is needed? The review may identify a gap in the literature which provides a rationale for your study and supports your research questions and methodology.

The review is not just a summary of all you have read. Rather, it must develop an argument or a point of view that supports your chosen methodology and research questions.

The purpose of this section is to detail how you conducted your research so that others can understand and replicate your approach.

You need to briefly describe the subjects (if appropriate), any equipment or materials used and the approach taken. If the research method or method of data analysis is commonly used within your field of study, then simply reference the procedure. If, however, your methods are new or controversial then you need to describe them in more detail and provide a rationale for your approach. The methodology is written in the past tense and should be as concise as possible.

This section is a concise, factual summary of your findings, listed under headings appropriate to your research questions. It’s common to use tables and graphics. Raw data or details about the method of statistical analysis used should be included in the Appendices.

Present your results in a consistent manner. For example, if you present the first group of results as percentages, it will be confusing for the reader and difficult to make comparisons of data if later results are presented as fractions or as decimal values.

In general, you won’t discuss your results here. Any analysis of your results usually occurs in the Discussion section.

Notes on visual data representation:

• Graphs and tables may be used to reveal trends in your data, but they must be explained and referred to in adjacent accompanying text.
• Figures and tables do not simply repeat information given in the text: they summarise, amplify or complement it.
• Graphs are always referred to as ‘Figures’, and both axes must be clearly labelled.
• Tables must be numbered, and they must be able to stand-alone or make sense without your reader needing to read all of the accompanying text.

The Discussion responds to the hypothesis or research question. This section is where you interpret your results, account for your findings and explain their significance within the context of other research. Consider the adequacy of your sampling techniques, the scope and long-term implications of your study, any problems with data collection or analysis and any assumptions on which your study was based. This is also the place to discuss any disappointing results and address limitations.

Checklist for the discussion

• To what extent was each hypothesis supported?
• To what extent are your findings validated or supported by other research?
• Were there unexpected variables that affected your results?
• On reflection, was your research method appropriate?
• Can you account for any differences between your results and other studies?

Conclusions in research reports are generally fairly short and should follow on naturally from points raised in the Discussion. In this section you should discuss the significance of your findings. To what extent and in what ways are your findings useful or conclusive? Is further research required? If so, based on your research experience, what suggestions could you make about improvements to the scope or methodology of future studies?

Also, consider the practical implications of your results and any recommendations you could make. For example, if your research is on reading strategies in the primary school classroom, what are the implications of your results for the classroom teacher? What recommendations could you make for teachers?

A Reference List contains all the resources you have cited in your work, while a Bibliography is a wider list containing all the resources you have consulted (but not necessarily cited) in the preparation of your work. It is important to check which of these is required, and the preferred format, style of references and presentation requirements of your own department.

Appendices (singular ‘Appendix’) provide supporting material to your project. Examples of such materials include:

• Relevant letters to participants and organisations (e.g. regarding the ethics or conduct of the project).
• Background reports.
• Detailed calculations.

Different types of data are presented in separate appendices. Each appendix must be titled, labelled with a number or letter, and referred to in the body of the report.

Appendices are placed at the end of a report, and the contents are generally not included in the word count.

Fi nal ti p

While there are many common elements to research reports, it’s always best to double check the exact requirements for your task. You may find that you don’t need some sections, can combine others or have specific requirements about referencing, formatting or word limits.

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